Author:
    Aymeric PINEAU
    Creation:2026-09-26Last update:2026-09-26

    How to internationalise your TanStack Start application using Lingui in 2026

    Table of Contents

    What is Lingui?

    Lingui is an i18n library built around macros and message extraction. You write the source text directly in your components ( t`Hello` , <Trans>Hello</Trans>), lingui extract collects every message into catalogues (PO files by default), translators fill them, and the Vite plugin compiles them to compact JavaScript. Messages use ICU MessageFormat, so plurals and selects are supported.

    TanStack Start does not ship an i18n layer, so this guide wires Lingui into it from scratch:

    • Macros compiled by Babel through @rolldown/plugin-babel (required with @vitejs/plugin-react v6 and Vite 8).
    • Locale routing with an optional {-$locale} segment (/about, /fr/about).
    • One catalogue per locale, loaded on demand, and an I18n instance per render so concurrent SSR requests never share a locale.
    • Complete multilingual SEO: translated <title> and description, canonical URL, hreflang with x-default, Open Graph locales, JSON-LD, sitemap, robots.txt, pre-rendering and localised 404 pages.
    Looking for another stack? See the TanStack Start + use-intl guide, the TanStack Start + Paraglide guide, or the TanStack Start + Intlayer guide.
    Using Next.js? See the Next.js + Lingui guide. Comparing libraries? Read Lingui vs Intlayer.

    What the benchmark says about Lingui on TanStack Start

    The i18n benchmark runs the same 10-page, 10-locale TanStack Start app with every major library and measures what the browser actually downloads.

    Dynamic JSON loading

    Lazy-loads translations at runtime

    Scoped JSON (namespacing)

    Per-page translation namespaces

    I18n Performance Benchmark

    What is this metric?

    The total gzip-compressed size of the internationalisation library bundle. It only includes the provider and content retrieval logic after tree-shaking and minification.

    Why is it important?

    A smaller library size reduces the initial JavaScript payload, leading to faster download and execution times on the client.

    View as

    Key figures for @lingui/core@6.6.0, measured on 2026-09-26 (gzip):

    SetupLibrary sizeJS per pageOther-locale leakOther-page leak
    No i18n (base app)-111.0 KB0%0%
    Lingui (setup of this guide)56.7 KB115.2 KB9.3%0%
    @intlayer/lingui (compat)9.8 KB136.7 KB9.9%0%
    react-intlayer (native Intlayer)4.5 KB126.8 KB0%0%

    What to take away:

    • Load one catalogue per locale, on demand. It keeps pages close to the base app size.
    • The runtime stays heavy (~57 KB gzip). The @intlayer/lingui compat adapter (step 16) keeps your macros and cuts it to ~10 KB.
    See the full data: TanStack Start benchmark report, and the benchmark repository.

    Feature comparison on TanStack Start

    How Lingui compares with the other libraries commonly used on TanStack Start:

    Featurereact-intlayer (Intlayer)use-intlParaglide JSLingui
    Translations near components✅ Co-located❌ Centralised JSON❌ One JSON file per locale⚠️ Source text in components
    TypeScript integration✅ Auto-generated types✅ Via AppConfig✅ Typed message functions⚠️ Macros only
    Missing translation detection✅ Type errors and build warnings⚠️ Runtime fallback⚠️ Falls back to the base locale⚠️ Falls back to the source text
    Rich content (JSX, Markdown)✅ Direct support⚠️ Tags via t.rich⚠️ Strings✅ JSX inside <Trans>
    Localised routing✅ Built-in❌ Manual {-$locale}✅ urlPatterns + router rewrite❌ Manual {-$locale}
    Locale switch without reload✅ Yes✅ Yes❌ Full page reload✅ Yes
    Pluralisation✅ Enumeration-based✅ ICU✅ Variants✅ ICU
    ICU MessageFormat✅ Via format: "icu"✅ Native⚠️ Via an inlang plugin✅ Native
    Content formats✅ .ts, .json, .md, .yaml...⚠️ .json⚠️ inlang JSON✅ PO, JSON, CSV
    AI translation✅ Your own provider and key❌ No❌ No❌ No
    Visual editor / CMS✅ Local editor + optional CMS❌ External platforms⚠️ inlang ecosystem apps❌ External platforms
    SEO helpers (hreflang, sitemap)✅ Built-in❌ Manual⚠️ Localised URLs, rest manual❌ Manual
    Runtime size (gzip, benchmark)4.5 KB75.9 KB1.8 KB56.7 KB
    Leak, best setup (locale / page)0% / 0%0% / 0%49.7% / 0%8.6% / 0%
    Missing translations in CI✅ npx intlayer test⚠️ Not built-in⚠️ Not built-in✅ lingui compile --strict
    Runtime size and leak figures come from the TanStack Start benchmark. Leak is measured on the best setup of each library.
    Other TanStack Start guides: use-intl, Paraglide JS, and Intlayer.

    Practices you should follow

    • Set lang and dir on <html> from the route locale, so they are correct in the server HTML.
    • Keep one URL per locale with a prefix, so every language version is indexable.
    • Create one I18n instance per locale, never mutate a global one during SSR: two concurrent requests would overwrite each other's locale.
    • Load only the active catalogue, never import all of them in client code.
    • Pick one macro style (useLingui + t in components, msg for lazy descriptors) and stick to it. Mixing t, i18n._, i18n.t and <Trans> makes the code harder to read for humans and AI assistants.
    • Run lingui extract in CI so a new message never ships untranslated.
    • Translate your metadata, and declare canonical, hreflang and x-default on every page.
    • Generate a multilingual sitemap and robots.txt, and pre-render every locale.
    • Use real links for the locale switcher, so crawlers discover every language.
    See our guide on internationalisation and SEO and the hreflang guide.

    Step-by-Step Guide to Set Up Lingui in a TanStack Start Application

    Here's the project structure we'll be creating:

    bash
    .
├── lingui.config.ts
├── vite.config.ts
└── src
    ├── locales
    │   ├── en
    │   │   └── messages.po     # Generated by `lingui extract`
    │   ├── fr
    │   │   └── messages.po
    │   └── es
    │       └── messages.po
    ├── start.ts                # Request middleware (locale redirect)
    ├── i18n
    │   ├── config.ts           # Locales, URL helpers
    │   ├── lingui.ts           # Catalog loader, I18n instances
    │   ├── negotiateLocale.ts  # Accept-Language parsing
    │   └── seo.ts              # head() builder
    ├── components
    │   ├── LocaleSwitcher.tsx
    │   ├── LocalizedLink.tsx
    │   └── NotFound.tsx
    └── routes
        ├── __root.tsx
        ├── sitemap[.]xml.ts
        ├── robots[.]txt.ts
        └── {-$locale}
            ├── route.tsx       # Locale layout + I18nProvider
            ├── index.tsx
            ├── about.tsx
            └── $.tsx           # Localized 404

    1. Install Dependencies

      bash
      npm install @lingui/core @lingui/react
npm install -D @lingui/cli @lingui/vite-plugin @lingui/babel-plugin-lingui-macro @lingui/format-po @rolldown/plugin-babel
      • @lingui/core / @lingui/react: runtime, I18nProvider and the macros (@lingui/core/macro, @lingui/react/macro).
      • @lingui/cli: lingui extract to collect messages into catalogues.
      • @lingui/vite-plugin: compiles .po catalogues on import, so lingui compile is not needed.
      • @lingui/babel-plugin-lingui-macro + @rolldown/plugin-babel: transform the macros at build time.

    2. Centralize Your Locale Configuration

      The default locale stays unprefixed (/about), other locales are prefixed (/fr/about).

      src/i18n/config.ts
      export const locales = ["en", "fr", "es"] as const;

export type Locale = (typeof locales)[number];

export const defaultLocale: Locale = "en";

/** Public origin, used for canonical URLs, hreflang and the sitemap. */
export const siteUrl = "https://example.com";

/** Cookie storing the locale explicitly chosen by the visitor. */
export const localeCookieName = "locale";

/** Open Graph expects `language_TERRITORY` codes. */
export const openGraphLocales: Record<Locale, string> = {
  en: "en_US",
  fr: "fr_FR",
  es: "es_ES",
};

export const isLocale = (value: unknown): value is Locale =>
  typeof value === "string" && (locales as readonly string[]).includes(value);

/** Maps the optional `{-$locale}` route param to a supported locale. */
export const resolveLocale = (localeParam: string | undefined): Locale =>
  isLocale(localeParam) ? localeParam : defaultLocale;

/** The value to pass as `locale` param: `undefined` for the default locale. */
export const toLocaleParam = (locale: Locale): Locale | undefined =>
  locale === defaultLocale ? undefined : locale;

const rightToLeftLanguages = new Set(["ar", "fa", "he", "ur", "ps", "yi"]);

export const getTextDirection = (locale: string): "ltr" | "rtl" =>
  rightToLeftLanguages.has(new Intl.Locale(locale).language) ? "rtl" : "ltr";

/** `localizePath("/about", "fr")` → `/fr/about`, default locale unprefixed. */
export const localizePath = (path: string, locale: Locale): string => {
  if (locale === defaultLocale) return path;

  return path === "/" ? `/${locale}` : `/${locale}${path}`;
};

export const getAbsoluteUrl = (path: string, locale: Locale): string =>
  `${siteUrl}${localizePath(path, locale)}`;

export const getLocaleName = (locale: Locale): string =>
  new Intl.DisplayNames([locale], { type: "language" }).of(locale) ?? locale;

    3. Configure Lingui

      The Lingui config reuses the same locale list, so the catalogues, the router and the sitemap never disagree.

      lingui.config.ts
      import { defineConfig } from "@lingui/cli";
import { formatter } from "@lingui/format-po";
import { defaultLocale, locales } from "./src/i18n/config";

export default defineConfig({
  sourceLocale: defaultLocale,
  locales: [...locales],
  catalogs: [
    {
      path: "<rootDir>/src/locales/{locale}/messages",
      include: ["src"],
    },
  ],
  format: formatter({ lineNumbers: false }),
});

      Add the extraction scripts:

      package.json
      {
  "scripts": {
    "i18n:extract": "lingui extract --clean",
    "i18n:check": "lingui extract --clean && git diff --exit-code src/locales"
  }
}

      i18n:check fails in CI when a component contains a message that was not extracted and committed.

    4. Configure Vite

      With @vitejs/plugin-react v6, Babel is no longer built in. @rolldown/plugin-babel runs the Lingui macro plugin, and linguiTransformerBabelPreset only processes files that import a macro, which keeps builds fast.

      vite.config.ts
      import { lingui, linguiTransformerBabelPreset } from "@lingui/vite-plugin";
import babel from "@rolldown/plugin-babel";
import { tanstackStart } from "@tanstack/react-start/plugin/vite";
import viteReact from "@vitejs/plugin-react";
import { defineConfig } from "vite";

export default defineConfig({
  plugins: [
    tanstackStart(),
    viteReact(),
    lingui(),
    babel({ presets: [linguiTransformerBabelPreset()] }),
  ],
});

    5. Load Catalogs per Locale

      The template literal in import() lets Vite emit one chunk per catalogue, and the Lingui plugin compiles the .po file into it. A French visitor downloads the French catalogue only.

      The compiled messages are plain data, so they can be returned by a route loader, serialised into the HTML, and reused on hydration.

      src/i18n/lingui.ts
      import { type I18n, type Messages, setupI18n } from "@lingui/core";
import type { Locale } from "./config";

/**
 * Loads the compiled catalog of one locale (one chunk per locale).
 */
export const loadCatalog = async (locale: Locale): Promise<Messages> => {
  const { messages } = await import(`../locales/${locale}/messages.po`);

  return messages;
};

/**
 * Creates an isolated I18n instance: safe for concurrent SSR requests.
 */
export const createI18n = (locale: Locale, messages: Messages): I18n =>
  setupI18n({ locale, messages: { [locale]: messages } });

/**
 * Loads a catalog and returns a ready-to-use instance, for loaders and
 * server functions.
 */
export const loadI18n = async (locale: Locale): Promise<I18n> =>
  createI18n(locale, await loadCatalog(locale));

      For TypeScript to accept the .po import, declare the module once:

      src/i18n/po.d.ts
      declare module "*.po" {
  import type { Messages } from "@lingui/core";

  export const messages: Messages;
}

    6. Create the Root Document

      The root route reads the optional locale param to set lang and dir on the server-rendered <html>.

      src/routes/__root.tsx
      import {
  createRootRoute,
  HeadContent,
  Scripts,
  useParams,
} from "@tanstack/react-router";
import type { ReactNode } from "react";
import { getTextDirection, resolveLocale } from "@/i18n/config";

export const Route = createRootRoute({
  head: () => ({
    meta: [
      { charSet: "utf-8" },
      { name: "viewport", content: "width=device-width, initial-scale=1" },
    ],
  }),
  shellComponent: RootDocument,
});

function RootDocument({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
  const { locale: localeParam } = useParams({ strict: false });
  const locale = resolveLocale(localeParam);

  return (
    <html lang={locale} dir={getTextDirection(locale)}>
      <head>
        <HeadContent />
      </head>
      <body>
        {children}
        <Scripts />
      </body>
    </html>
  );
}

    7. Create the Locale Layout Route

      The {-$locale} folder creates an optional path segment: /about and /fr/about both match /{-$locale}/about. The layout rejects unknown prefixes, loads the catalogue of the current locale, and provides a dedicated I18n instance.

      src/routes/{-$locale}/route.tsx
      import { I18nProvider } from "@lingui/react";
import { createFileRoute, notFound, Outlet } from "@tanstack/react-router";
import { useMemo } from "react";
import { Header } from "@/components/Header";
import { NotFound } from "@/components/NotFound";
import { isLocale, resolveLocale } from "@/i18n/config";
import { createI18n, loadCatalog } from "@/i18n/lingui";

export const Route = createFileRoute("/{-$locale}")({
  beforeLoad: ({ params }) => {
    if (params.locale !== undefined && !isLocale(params.locale)) {
      throw notFound();
    }
  },
  loader: async ({ params }) => {
    const locale = resolveLocale(params.locale);

    return { locale, messages: await loadCatalog(locale) };
  },
  // A catalog never changes for a given locale
  staleTime: Infinity,
  component: LocaleLayout,
  notFoundComponent: NotFound,
});

function LocaleLayout() {
  const { locale, messages } = Route.useLoaderData();

  // One instance per locale, never shared between requests
  const i18n = useMemo(() => createI18n(locale, messages), [locale, messages]);

  return (
    <I18nProvider i18n={i18n}>
      <Header />
      <main>
        <Outlet />
      </main>
    </I18nProvider>
  );
}

    8. Utilize Translations in Your Pages

      Write the source text in the component. The macros turn it into message IDs at build time, and lingui extract picks it up.

      • <Trans> for JSX content, including nested elements;
      • useLingui().t for strings (attributes, props);
      • <Plural> for ICU plurals.
      src/routes/{-$locale}/about.tsx
      import { msg } from "@lingui/core/macro";
import { Plural, Trans, useLingui } from "@lingui/react/macro";
import { createFileRoute } from "@tanstack/react-router";
import { useState } from "react";
import { resolveLocale } from "@/i18n/config";
import { loadI18n } from "@/i18n/lingui";
import { buildLocalizedHead } from "@/i18n/seo";

export const Route = createFileRoute("/{-$locale}/about")({
  // Translate the metadata in the loader: head() stays synchronous
  loader: async ({ params }) => {
    const i18n = await loadI18n(resolveLocale(params.locale));

    return {
      metadata: {
        title: i18n._(msg`About us`),
        description: i18n._(
          msg`Learn who we are and why we built this application.`
        ),
      },
    };
  },
  staleTime: Infinity,
  head: ({ params, loaderData }) =>
    loaderData
      ? buildLocalizedHead({
          path: "/about",
          locale: resolveLocale(params.locale),
          ...loaderData.metadata,
        })
      : {},
  component: AboutPage,
});

function AboutPage() {
  const { t } = useLingui();
  const [count, setCount] = useState(0);

  return (
    <>
      <h1>
        <Trans>About us</Trans>
      </h1>
      <p>
        <Plural
          value={count}
          _0="No clicks yet"
          one="# click"
          other="# clicks"
        />
      </p>
      <button
        type="button"
        aria-label={t`Counter`}
        onClick={() => setCount((value) => value + 1)}
      >
        <Trans>Increment</Trans>
      </button>
    </>
  );
}
      The dynamic import() of a catalogue is cached by the module system, so calling loadI18n in several loaders does not download the catalogue twice.

    9. Extract and Translate Your Messages

      Run the extraction. Lingui writes every message into each locale catalogue:

      bash
      npm run i18n:extract

      Then translate the msgstr of each entry:

      src/locales/fr/messages.po
      msgid "About us"
msgstr "À propos"

msgid "Learn who we are and why we built this application."
msgstr "Découvrez qui nous sommes et pourquoi nous avons créé cette application."

msgid "Increment"
msgstr "Incrémenter"

msgid "Counter"
msgstr "Compteur"

msgid "{count, plural, =0 {No clicks yet} one {# click} other {# clicks}}"
msgstr "{count, plural, =0 {Aucun clic} one {# clic} other {# clics}}"
      src/locales/es/messages.po
      msgid "About us"
msgstr "Sobre nosotros"

msgid "Learn who we are and why we built this application."
msgstr "Descubre quiénes somos y por qué creamos esta aplicación."

msgid "Increment"
msgstr "Incrementar"

msgid "Counter"
msgstr "Contador"

msgid "{count, plural, =0 {No clicks yet} one {# click} other {# clicks}}"
msgstr "{count, plural, =0 {Ningún clic} one {# clic} other {# clics}}"
      By default, message IDs are hashes of the source text: changing the English text creates a new message. Use explicit IDs (<Trans id="about.title">About us</Trans>) for texts that change often.

    10. Build a Localized Link Component

      Optional

      Every route lives under {-$locale}, so links must carry the current locale param.

      src/components/LocalizedLink.tsx
      import { useLingui } from "@lingui/react";
import { Link, type LinkComponentProps } from "@tanstack/react-router";
import { type Locale, toLocaleParam } from "@/i18n/config";

type LocalizedLinkProps = Omit<LinkComponentProps, "params">;

export const LocalizedLink = (props: LocalizedLinkProps) => {
  const { i18n } = useLingui();

  return (
    <Link
      {...props}
      params={{ locale: toLocaleParam(i18n.locale as Locale) }}
    />
  );
};

    11. Change the Language of Your Content

      Optional

      Render the switcher as links, so crawlers find every language version. to="." keeps the current page and replaces the locale param. The loader of the locale layout then fetches the new catalogue.

      src/components/LocaleSwitcher.tsx
      import { useLingui } from "@lingui/react/macro";
import { Link } from "@tanstack/react-router";
import {
  getLocaleName,
  type Locale,
  localeCookieName,
  locales,
  toLocaleParam,
} from "@/i18n/config";

const persistLocale = (locale: Locale) => {
  document.cookie = `${localeCookieName}=${locale}; Path=/; Max-Age=31536000; SameSite=Lax`;
};

export const LocaleSwitcher = () => {
  // The macro version also returns the i18n instance
  const { i18n, t } = useLingui();

  return (
    <nav aria-label={t`Change language`}>
      <ul>
        {locales.map((locale) => (
          <li key={locale}>
            <Link
              to="."
              params={(previous) => ({
                ...previous,
                locale: toLocaleParam(locale),
              })}
              hrefLang={locale}
              lang={locale}
              aria-current={locale === i18n.locale ? "page" : undefined}
              onClick={() => persistLocale(locale)}
            >
              {getLocaleName(locale)}
            </Link>
          </li>
        ))}
      </ul>
    </nav>
  );
};

    12. Internationalize Your Metadata

      Optional

      Each language version can rank on its own, provided every page exposes a translated <title> and description, a self-referencing canonical, one hreflang per locale plus x-default, Open Graph locales, and JSON-LD with inLanguage. The metadata is translated in the loader (step 8), and this helper builds the rest:

      src/i18n/seo.ts
      import {
  defaultLocale,
  getAbsoluteUrl,
  type Locale,
  locales,
  openGraphLocales,
} from "./config";

type LocalizedHeadOptions = {
  /** Path without locale prefix, e.g. "/about" */
  path: string;
  locale: Locale;
  title: string;
  description: string;
};

export const buildLocalizedHead = ({
  path,
  locale,
  title,
  description,
}: LocalizedHeadOptions) => {
  const url = getAbsoluteUrl(path, locale);

  return {
    meta: [
      { title },
      { name: "description", content: description },
      { property: "og:type", content: "website" },
      { property: "og:title", content: title },
      { property: "og:description", content: description },
      { property: "og:url", content: url },
      { property: "og:locale", content: openGraphLocales[locale] },
      ...locales
        .filter((alternateLocale) => alternateLocale !== locale)
        .map((alternateLocale) => ({
          property: "og:locale:alternate",
          content: openGraphLocales[alternateLocale],
        })),
    ],
    links: [
      { rel: "canonical", href: url },
      ...locales.map((alternateLocale) => ({
        rel: "alternate",
        hrefLang: alternateLocale,
        href: getAbsoluteUrl(path, alternateLocale),
      })),
      {
        rel: "alternate",
        hrefLang: "x-default",
        href: getAbsoluteUrl(path, defaultLocale),
      },
    ],
    scripts: [
      {
        type: "application/ld+json",
        children: JSON.stringify({
          "@context": "https://schema.org",
          "@type": "WebPage",
          name: title,
          description,
          url,
          inLanguage: locale,
        }),
      },
    ],
  };
};

    13. Internationalize Your Sitemap and robots.txt

      Optional

      The sitemap lists every URL of every locale, each entry declaring all its alternates with xhtml:link. robots.txt blocks private routes in every language and points to the sitemap. Remove public/robots.txt if the starter created one.

      src/routes/sitemap[.]xml.ts
      import { createFileRoute } from "@tanstack/react-router";
import { defaultLocale, getAbsoluteUrl, locales } from "@/i18n/config";

type SitemapPage = {
  path: string;
  changeFrequency: "daily" | "weekly" | "monthly";
  priority: number;
};

export const sitemapPages: SitemapPage[] = [
  { path: "/", changeFrequency: "daily", priority: 1.0 },
  { path: "/about", changeFrequency: "monthly", priority: 0.8 },
];

const buildAlternateLinks = (path: string): string =>
  [
    ...locales.map(
      (locale) =>
        `<xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="${locale}" href="${getAbsoluteUrl(path, locale)}"/>`
    ),
    `<xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="${getAbsoluteUrl(path, defaultLocale)}"/>`,
  ].join("");

const buildSitemap = (): string => {
  const urls = sitemapPages.flatMap((page) =>
    locales.map(
      (locale) =>
        `<url><loc>${getAbsoluteUrl(page.path, locale)}</loc>${buildAlternateLinks(page.path)}<changefreq>${page.changeFrequency}</changefreq><priority>${page.priority}</priority></url>`
    )
  );

  return `<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><urlset xmlns="http://www.sitemaps.org/schemas/sitemap/0.9" xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">${urls.join("")}</urlset>`;
};

export const Route = createFileRoute("/sitemap.xml")({
  server: {
    handlers: {
      GET: () =>
        new Response(buildSitemap(), {
          headers: { "Content-Type": "application/xml; charset=utf-8" },
        }),
    },
  },
});
      src/routes/robots[.]txt.ts
      import { createFileRoute } from "@tanstack/react-router";
import { locales, localizePath, siteUrl } from "@/i18n/config";

const privatePaths = ["/dashboard", "/admin"];

const buildRobots = (): string =>
  [
    "User-agent: *",
    "Allow: /",
    ...privatePaths.flatMap((path) =>
      locales.map((locale) => `Disallow: ${localizePath(path, locale)}`)
    ),
    "",
    `Sitemap: ${siteUrl}/sitemap.xml`,
  ].join("\n");

export const Route = createFileRoute("/robots.txt")({
  server: {
    handlers: {
      GET: () =>
        new Response(buildRobots(), {
          headers: { "Content-Type": "text/plain; charset=utf-8" },
        }),
    },
  },
});

    14. Pre-render Every Locale

      Optional

      List every localised path so TanStack Start pre-renders all language versions at build time:

      vite.config.ts
      import { lingui, linguiTransformerBabelPreset } from "@lingui/vite-plugin";
import babel from "@rolldown/plugin-babel";
import { tanstackStart } from "@tanstack/react-start/plugin/vite";
import viteReact from "@vitejs/plugin-react";
import { defineConfig } from "vite";
import { locales, localizePath } from "./src/i18n/config";

const pagePaths = ["/", "/about"];

const localizedPages = pagePaths.flatMap((path) =>
  locales.map((locale) => ({
    path: localizePath(path, locale),
    prerender: { enabled: true },
  }))
);

export default defineConfig({
  plugins: [
    tanstackStart({
      prerender: { enabled: true, crawlLinks: true },
      pages: [
        ...localizedPages,
        { path: "/sitemap.xml", prerender: { enabled: true } },
        { path: "/robots.txt", prerender: { enabled: true } },
      ],
    }),
    viteReact(),
    lingui(),
    babel({ presets: [linguiTransformerBabelPreset()] }),
  ],
});

    15. Redirect First-Time Visitors and Handle 404 Pages

      Optional

      A request middleware sends a visitor landing on / to their preferred language (cookie first, then Accept-Language). Deep links are never redirected, so crawlers and shared URLs always get the page they asked for.

      src/i18n/negotiateLocale.ts
      import { isLocale, type Locale } from "./config";

/** "fr-CA,fr;q=0.9,en;q=0.8" → "fr" */
export const negotiateLocale = (
  acceptLanguage: string | null | undefined
): Locale | undefined => {
  if (!acceptLanguage) return undefined;

  return acceptLanguage
    .split(",")
    .map((part) => {
      const [tag = "", quality] = part.trim().split(";q=");

      return {
        language: tag.toLowerCase().split("-")[0],
        quality: quality ? Number(quality) : 1,
      };
    })
    .sort((first, second) => second.quality - first.quality)
    .map(({ language }) => language)
    .find(isLocale);
};
      src/start.ts
      import { redirect } from "@tanstack/react-router";
import { createMiddleware, createStart } from "@tanstack/react-start";
import { getCookie } from "@tanstack/react-start/server";
import { defaultLocale, isLocale, localeCookieName } from "@/i18n/config";
import { negotiateLocale } from "@/i18n/negotiateLocale";

const localeRedirectMiddleware = createMiddleware().server(
  ({ request, next }) => {
    if (new URL(request.url).pathname !== "/") return next();

    const cookieLocale = getCookie(localeCookieName);
    const preferredLocale = isLocale(cookieLocale)
      ? cookieLocale
      : negotiateLocale(request.headers.get("accept-language"));

    if (preferredLocale && preferredLocale !== defaultLocale) {
      throw redirect({ href: `/${preferredLocale}`, statusCode: 307 });
    }

    return next();
  }
);

export const startInstance = createStart(() => ({
  requestMiddleware: [localeRedirectMiddleware],
}));

      For 404 pages, a catch-all route renders the localised notFoundComponent of the layout. Mark it noindex: React 19 hoists the <meta> into <head>.

      src/components/NotFound.tsx
      import { Trans } from "@lingui/react/macro";
import { LocalizedLink } from "./LocalizedLink";

export const NotFound = () => (
  <div>
    <meta name="robots" content="noindex" />
    <h1>
      <Trans>Page not found</Trans>
    </h1>
    <LocalizedLink to="/{-$locale}">
      <Trans>Back to home</Trans>
    </LocalizedLink>
  </div>
);
      src/routes/{-$locale}/$.tsx
      import { createFileRoute, notFound } from "@tanstack/react-router";

export const Route = createFileRoute("/{-$locale}/$")({
  beforeLoad: () => {
    throw notFound();
  },
});

    16. Keep Your Macros, Cut the Runtime with Intlayer

      Optional

      The @intlayer/lingui compat adapter keeps your source untouched: the macros compile exactly as before, and the resulting i18n._(), useLingui() and <Trans> calls are served by compiled Intlayer dictionaries. In the benchmark, the runtime drops from ~56.7 KB to ~9.8 KB gzip.

      bash
      npm install @intlayer/lingui intlayer @intlayer/sync-json-plugin
npx intlayer init

      Add the plugin after the macro transform, so it aliases @lingui/core and @lingui/react to the adapter:

      vite.config.ts
      import { lingui as linguiIntlayer } from "@intlayer/lingui/plugin";
import { linguiTransformerBabelPreset } from "@lingui/vite-plugin";
import babel from "@rolldown/plugin-babel";
import { tanstackStart } from "@tanstack/react-start/plugin/vite";
import viteReact from "@vitejs/plugin-react";
import { defineConfig } from "vite";

export default defineConfig({
  plugins: [
    tanstackStart(),
    viteReact(),
    babel({ presets: [linguiTransformerBabelPreset()] }),
    linguiIntlayer(),
  ],
});

      Catalogues are synchronised with the sync JSON plugin (JSON catalogues) or the sync PO plugin (PO catalogues). See the full setup in the Lingui compat guide, and a side-by-side comparison in Lingui vs @intlayer/lingui.

    17. Automate Your Translations Using Intlayer

      Optional

      Lingui extracts messages, but filling dozens of catalogues by hand is where most of the time goes. Intlayer is free and open source, and its tooling works alongside Lingui:

    Frequently Asked Questions

    Yes. Lingui has no dedicated TanStack Start integration, but its Vite plugin and Babel macro plugin work as is. The two points to get right are running the macros through @rolldown/plugin-babel (Vite 8 and @vitejs/plugin-react v6 no longer include Babel), and creating an I18n instance per locale instead of activating a global one during SSR.

    On the server, one process renders many requests at the same time. Calling i18n.activate("fr") on a shared object would switch the language of a request rendering in English in parallel. setupI18n creates an isolated instance per locale, which is safe.

    No. @lingui/vite-plugin compiles .po catalogues when they are imported. You only run lingui extract to collect new messages.

    Declare them with the msg macro, and translate them in the route loader with i18n._(msg`...`). The loader returns plain strings, so head() stays synchronous and the values are serialised for hydration. Step 8 and step 12 show the full setup.

    The benchmark measures ~56.7 KB gzip for the runtime. With one catalogue per locale loaded on demand, pages weigh ~115 KB against 111 KB without i18n. Importing every catalogue statically raises it to ~152 KB.

    Yes. The @intlayer/lingui adapter keeps the macros and swaps the runtime. You can then move components to useIntlayer one at a time. See the compat adapters.

    TanStack Start i18n using ParaglideAutomate next-i18next

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